Codebook for European Protest and Coercion Data, 1980 through 1995 Introduction and Overview This project uses new methods to collect data on domestic conflicts in Europe from 1980 through 1995 (5,844 days). It was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9631229) and by General Research Fund grants of the University of Kansas. Thanks to Kathryn Graves and her reference staff in Watson library for their help in finding information for coding and cleaning the data. These data were created because few other protest and coercion data have interval data with a long time-series. We attempted to generate interval data by extracting directly as much information as we could find in news reports about domestic conflict. We also found journalistic conventions that allowed inferences about information. These are reported below. Data are country-specific; in the cases of Northern Ireland, the Czech and Slovakia Republics, and East and West Germany, data are regional as well. We maintained a different time series for each country or region. The cases for this project are 28 European countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, German Democratic Republic, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (with separated Northern Ireland). Data Format The coded data on the web are available to download. Files with the suffix “xls” are Microsoft Excel 2000 files. Those with the suffix “txt” are ASCII text formatted and tab-delimited. This codebook is formatted in Microsoft Word 2000 and is also available in an ASCII text version. Coding Conventions What is an Event? We coded all reported protest and repressive events. No event was too small. Ongoing events, such as strikes, occupations, hunger strikes, and vigils are coded each day as a separate event. Protests that grow out of events are coded separately; for example, a violent confrontation attendant to a rally or a demonstration that emerges from a religious rally would be coded separately from each rally. We ignored reports of future plans for protest or strikes. Nor did we code bomb or strike threats alone. We coded only reported events for which we could identify a date and location. Since we are coding European countries, we chose to code economic conflicts as well. First, many of our countries were communist for much of the time series. Second, many large companies in Europe from 1980 through 1995 were owned by governments. We opted to include economic strikes and conflicts because they related to politics. Each Story Coded for each Day We code the data for each day for each event. Coders compare different accounts of the same event to determine the most likely numbers for each variable. The data often have many events per day. Researchers who use the data in cross-sectional tests should note that different countries have different numbers of multiple events on each day. Cross-sectional tests should aggregate by the day or week in order to account for the differential frequency of events. A simple check of the number of Excel rows for each year will indicate how many multiple events there are in each country, but each country may have a different number of such events. For days when no event was reported, we indicate this status in the last column. We do not insert zeros in the number columns of these days to indicate that no events were reported. Users might wish to add these zeros for data continuity. Machine-Assisted Coding We use two methods of machine-assisted coding in this project. Most coders use the KEDS software to code the data. We then transfer the machine-assisted codes to an Excel spreadsheet, which is the primary coding document. We also code with multitasking. We use Word and Excel simultaneously, using Excel’s artificial intelligence to recognize each word in the column and to place suggestions while one is writing. Both of these methods speeded coding over previous methods. Context Coding We generally use only one coder per country. We attempt to use coders who know about the history of the country they code. Each coder learns about the protest organizations, the level of the state repression, and the important issues in the country. This context is valuable in the inevitable judgments that must be made in coding data. Coding Variables: The following variables are the columns in the coding spreadsheets. A. Event date B. Day of the week C. Action, i.e., type of protest, strike or coercive act D. Protester, i.e., group or type E. State or protest target F. Target or government agent, e.g., police, court, ministry, military, company or organization G. Event, a description of the protest or repressive event H. Country I. Location, the town, city, or region where the event took place; if it was in many cities, then we code it as the whole country J. Issue, grievance topic of the protesters or the state K. Link date, i.e., a previous date connected to the event that aid understanding, e.g., an anniversary of an historic event, a trial related to an arrest date, an action connected to a previous warning or the imposition of a major change such as martial law L. Time, i.e., the time an event occurred, started and stopped if reported; we coded it in 24-hour time (7:00 pm = 19:00) M. Number of protesters N. Number of protesters arrested O. Number of protesters injured P. Number of protesters killed Q. Property damage (dichotomous—yes or no) R. State force involved in the conflict S. Number of state force injured T. Number of state force killed U. Organizational strength of protesters, i.e., probable mobilizable strength based on membership data V. Organizational strength of the state (in non-democratic regimes only)—mobilizable police, military, party forces V. in democratic states, W. in coercive states: Source of the story W. in democratic states, X. in nondemocratic states: Date of story source X. in democratic states, Y. in non-democratic states: No event found (coded for days of no reported activity) Actions Coded We give coders latitude in selecting terms for protest, repression and accommodation actions. Nonetheless, almost all of the action terms are listed below. Others should be self-explanatory. accede: state, company or authority accommodates dissident demand adaptation: dissident change in tactic that precludes a state action agreement: dissidents agree to state offer or compromise appeal: dissident objects to ruling and goes to court or higher court arrest: arrests and detainment related to protest (see also preempt) arson: deliberate burning of a building for political reasons assassination: political murder of state, corporate or group leaders assault: group beating or assault attack: direct military-style or violent group attack on symbols of the state, or of police against dissidents beating: physical assault by police, between dissident groups or by a protest group blockade: state seals off dissidents bomb: report of the presence of an explosive device, whether detonated or not boycott: politically based refusal to act, buy, or cooperate break in: entering a building, base or compound for protest or repression purposes cancel: dissident group calls off event censor: state precludes or revises publications/speech of dissidents closure: dissidents or firms close office due to state or other dissident demands convict: try and convict dissident in court curfew: limit of citizens’ time to be on the streets civil disobedience: non-violent purposeful violation of state laws commitment: state decision to commit dissidents into insane asylums. confiscate: state takes property from dissidents confrontation: direct faceoff between two opposing groups convoy: a line of vehicles of the state or dissidents for conflict coup: a coup d’état, takeover (or attempted takeover) of the government by elites, usually the military declare: public oral protest statements demonstration: protest gathering that generally moves short distances or focuses on a specific target deployment: allocation of state forces in location to prevent or resist protest deport: state expels dissident from the country destroy: to destroy or ruin property for political reasons disband: a dissident organization dissolves dismiss: to release an employee because of dissent disrupt: to disturb or stop a rally, meeting, or a state event escape: dissidents escape from state custody exit: emigration or escape exclusion: barring certain types of people from an organization expulsion: state forces dissidents outside an institution or the country extort: make demand on threat of punishment if the demand is not accepted extradite: to arrest and send a dissident to another country fight: active conflict between state and dissidents or among dissidents fine: to assess a financial penalty for dissent force: state exerts force in opposition to dissent general strike: strike across a city, region, industry or country gunfight: battle between dissidents and state or dissident groups using guns harass: low-level repression; constant surveillance, interference in living or dissident action hide: dissident goes underground to avoid arrest and/or repression hijack: illegally taking over a vehicle hostage: the taking of one or more hostages hunger strike: refusal to accept food for political reasons; forced state feeding is reported impeachment: legal removal of state official that was demanded by dissidents intervention: state forces act to destroy a rally, obstruction, occupation and other dissident acts kneecapping: shooting or hitting the knee with a club lockout: state or company refuses to allow employees or students to work or study march: group movement from one point to another for a political reason martial law: state suspension of civil liberties and dictatorship control of the country mobilization: activity designed to increase support of a movement motorcade: protest on vehicles murder: killing for political reasons other than assassination or bombing negotiation bargaining between state and dissidents or between conflictual groups obstruction: blocking space, e.g., roadblocks occupation: occupying state buildings or workplaces offer: a low-level compromise communication from the state to dissidents or dissidents to the state ouster: police intervene in an occupation and remove dissidents petition: formal petitions, letters and written statements of protest preclude: state refusal to allow dissident free actions preempt: state action that attempts to prevent protest, e.g., mass arrests before a demonstration press conference: dissidents call in the press to make their case proscribe: forbid the existence of a dissident group raid: police attack on dissident dwellings or group building rally: stationary protest gathering refuse: dissidents resist state orders or commands reject: dissidents spurn state or alternative dissident offer regime transition: the changeover from one regime-type to another release: to free a hostage or prisoner repression: general action against dissidents resign: withdrawal from a position as protest riot: generally used for violent prison protests, but also applies to purposeful violence against police robbery: protest group steals goods or money to support itself sabotage: larger-scale harm or destruction of property by dissidents; no direct harm to people search: state searches dissident’s body, property, or home or for a hostage seizure: state seizes dissident property shooting: state or dissidents using firearms, but one-sided shooting slowdown: work-by-rule as a political protest statement: a group makes a public statement strike: withholding labor for economic or political reasons suicide: suicide or attempted suicide for political reason support: citizen or business assistance to dissidents suspend: temporarily release state forces from duty as a punishment symbolic: street theatre, protest against symbols (e.g., statues), and symbolic action (e.g., clothes) terror: use of terror tactics for political reasons torture: systematic harm to dissidents by police or state force under the state’s control or by a rival group trespass: illegally enter restricted areas trial: state trials of dissidents for political reasons ultimatum: threatening if an action is not done unraveling: the dissolution of political organizations into parts (see Paul Johnson, “Unraveling in a Variety of Institutional Settings.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 8:3 (1996): 299-330. vandalism: low-scale property destruction by dissidents or Skinheads; involves no injury or death vigil: constant dissident presence, as at a shrine or grave of a martyr withdrawal: removal of state forces withholding: refusal to provide funds Abbreviations and Acronyms We use a set of standard abbreviations to signal information to researchers: nd: no death, used in bomb and hostage situations to indicate no fatalities wd: with death, used in bomb and hostage situations to indicate fatalities. See below for country-specific terms and abbreviations. Inferential Coding Conventions Journalists often use terms such as "scores," "hundreds," thousands," etc. instead of definite numbers. In such cases, we have found from multiple sources that three of whatever unit is described is the best conservative inference of the real number; e.g., "hundreds" would be coded "300;" hundreds of thousands would be coded "300,000." Code “dozens” as 36; “many” as 20 and “scores” as 60. To signal these inferences, we report the number with a final 1, e.g., 31, 301, 3001, and so forth. Also, when journalists write that “about 5,000 demonstrators were protesting”, we code 5001 to indicate that it is a reporter’s estimate. A report that “almost 5,000 protested” would be coded as 4,999. When reports note that clubs, dogs, tear gas or water hoses are used against demonstrators, but do not specify injuries, we used 10 percent as a default number. The logic here comes from observation. With all of these repressive actions, at least 10 percent of dissidents in general protest get hit, scratched, certainly tear-gassed (tear gas stays in their clothes), or thrown down with water pressure. Upon encountering authoritarian state denials of reports of arrests, requests to emigrate, injuries, or even whole demonstrations, we checked Western sources. If there are two or more authoritative reports in the Western press, we accepted them and disregarded the regime's denial. General and commercial strikes: We coded both general and commercial strikes that had some support of the population. Because of demographically limited mobilization potential, we use 10 percent of each local population as participants in the absence of reported levels of participation. Journalists often report police or government statistics for a period of time. For instance, in the last three months, 9,000 left the country . . . In these circumstances, we interpolate. Usually we choose the 15th day of the month, unless some other standard is shown in the context. Then on the 15th of each month, we would show that 3,000 citizens exited. Country Notes: Listed below are country-specific acronyms, names of organizations and sources used in coding and cleaning. In addition, protest sometimes surrounds elections, so we list the dates of free elections from 1980 through 1995. Albania: (coded by Philip Huxtable and Uwe Reising) Sources: Edwin E. Jacques, The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1995. Gregory C. Ference, ed.. Chronology of 20th Century Eastern European History. Detroit: Gale Research, 1994. Acronyms: AFTA: Albanian Free Owners Association (business group after 1990) DA: Democratic Alliance (spin off of DP after it acted repressively) DP: Democratic Party (first major challenging party) MAVI: Greek separatist organization PLA: Party of Labor of Albania (the ruling communist party) SHKIPP: Organization of former political prisoners SP: Socialist Party TUCA: Albanian Trade Union Confederation UITIA: Union of Independent Trade Unions Albanian Elections: 31 March 1991, legislative elections 22 March 1992, legislative elections Austria: (coded by R. Francisco) Acronyms: Al Assifa: An offshoot of the PLO headed by Abu Nidal Anti-Atom International: an international ecological group opposed to atomic power Austria Caritas: Austrian branch of the Catholic humanitarian charity organization Baurenbund: Austrian Federal Farmers’ Association BBA: Bayresche Befreiungsarmee, Bavarian Liberation Army, right-wing terror group CAP: Common Agriculture Policy of EU Committee for Direct Democracy: anarchist group against elite control of Austria Dev Sol: Revolutionary Left, Kurdish terror group Ein Tyrol: One Tyrol, group that advocates the return of South Tyrol from Italy to Austria Fatah-Revolution Committee: A Palestinian terror organization Global 2000: A student-based environmental organization that opposes construction and development IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency, an agency of the UN headquartered in Vienna New Austria: Neues Österreich, group established by historians, artists and journalists after the revelation of Kurt Waldheim’s former Nazi work. OGB: Österreichischer Gewerkschaftbund, Austrian Trade Union Federation SOS-Mitmensch: human rights organization in Vienna SPOE: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österriechs, Social Democratic Party of Austria Austrian Elections 24 April 1983, parliamentary elections 4 May and 8 June 1986, presidential elections 23 November 1986, parliamentary elections 7 October 1990, parliamentary elections 26 April & 24 May 1992, presidential elections 12 June 1994, EU membership referendum 17 December 1995, parliamentary elections Belgium: (coded by Astrid Obst) Acronyms: AD: Action Directe, Direct Action, a leftist terror organization AHM: Animal Hormone Mafia AI: Amnesty International BEF: Belgian Employers Federation BELT: Beter Leefmilieu Tessenderlo BLO: Black Lebanon Organization BN: Belgian national railroad CCC: Fighting Communist Cells, linked to RAF and AD CDUN: Christian Democratic Union, trade union EEB: European Environmental Bureau EP: European parliament (Strasbourg) ETA: Basque nationalist terror group ETUC: European Trade Union Confederation FCC: Fighting Communist Cells, linked to RAF and AD FGTB: General Federation of Workers of Belgium (a trade union federation that contains 11 trade unions) FRAP: Revolutionary Front for Proletarian Action GFBW: General Federation of Belgian Workers GIA: Algerian Islamic group IFG: International Federation of Journalists IRA: Irish Republican Army MAF: Militant Autonomous Front MDEV: Movement for Development NLF: National Liberation Front P&O: British ferry company PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization PRB: Poucheries Reunies de Belgique, an armament firm RAF: Red Army Faction (Germany) TAK: Radical Flemish party ULB: Universite Libre de Bruxelles VMO: Vlaamse Militante Organanizatie, Flemish rightist organization WILPF: Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom Belgian Elections: 8 November 1981, parliamentary elections 13 October 1985, parliamentary elections 13 December 1987, parliamentary elections 24 November 1991, parliamentary elections 21 May 1995, parliamentary elections Bulgaria: (coded by R. Francisco) Notes: There were no reported events in 1980 or in 1983. Turkey closed its border to Bulgarian ethnic Turks on 8/22/1989. Acronyms and Glossary: ASALA: Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia ASP: Alternative Socialist party, reform party split from BSP in 1990 BCP: Bulgarian Communist party BSP: Bulgarian Socialist party, renamed and reformed BCP CITUB: Independent Trade Union Federation of Bulgaria DPS: Rights and Freedoms Movement Eco-Glasnost: an ecological reform group that emerged in early 1989 MRF: Movement for Rights & Freedoms, ethnic Turk & Muslim movement for rights Prodkrepa: free trade union that formed in 1989 Shalom: Community Jewish organization in Sofia UDF: Union of Democratic Forces, founded in December 1989 Bulgarian Elections: 10 & 17 June 1990, parliamentary elections 13 October 1991, parliamentary elections 12 & 19 January 1992, presidential elections 18 December 1994, parliamentary elections Cyprus: (1980-1987 coded by David Brichoux; 1988-1995 by Ron Francisco) Acronyms and Glossary: AKEL: Anorthiko Komma Ergazomenou Laou, Progressive Party of the Working People, the Greek Cypriot Communist party CBC: Cypriot Broadcasting Corporation Cyprus People’s Movement: right-wing terror group in Turkish Cyprus opposed to smuggling GCWWH: Greek Cypriot Women Walk Home, a movement of Greek Cypriot women driven from the North Turkish area Green Line: The line that separates the Greek and Turkish communities in Cyprus EKAS: Greek Cypriot Liberation Army, banned terror group EDEK: Ethniki Dimokratiki Kyprou—Socialistiko Komma, Cyprus National Union—Socialist Party Nicosia is the Greek term for the main city; in Turkish it is Lefkosa National Front: right-wing Greek Cypriot terror group Rally party: right-wing Greek Cypriot political party Cypriot Elections 24 May 1981, Greek Cypriot legislative elections 28 June 1981, Turkish Cypriot legislative elections 13 February 1983, presidential election 9 & 23 June 1985, Turkish Cypriot presidential and legislative elections 8 December 1985, Greek Cypriot legislative elections 2 February 1988, Greek presidential election 14 February 1988, Greek presidential runoff election 22 April 1990, Turkish Cypriot presidential election 6 May 1990, Turkish Cypriot legislative elections 19 May 1991, Greek Cypriot legislative elections 14 February 1993, Greek Cypriot legislative elections 12 December 1993, Turkish Cypriot legislative elections Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic and Slovakia: (1980-1994 coded by William Yarrow; 1995 by R. Francisco) Czechoslovakia: (1980-1992) Sources: Gregory C. Ference, ed.. Chronology of 20th Century Eastern European History. Detroit: Gale Research, 1994. Acronyms and Glossary: ARP: Association for the Republic—Republican Party of Czechoslovakia, a right-wing party Charter 77: Petition movement for human rights in the communist period. CPL: Czechoslovak Pacifist League DUR: Roma (Gypsy) human rights organization HZOS: Movement for the Liberation of Slovakia IPA: Independent Peace Association Jazz Section: began legally, but banned in 1980; supported Jazz music MCF: Movement for Civil Freedom MNS: Moravian National Party Movement 90: An amalgam of dissident or non-government groups PAV: Public Against Violence, Slovak equivalent to Civic Forum PSC: Czechoslovak Communist Party PTM: Pacem in Terris movement, a state-sponsored movement objected to by theologists SNU: Slovak separatist organization on the right-wing TRP: Transnational Radical Party, libertarian, pro-choice party VONS: Committee for the Unjustly Persecuted Czechoslovak Elections: 23-24 November 1990, municipal elections 8-9 June 1990, legislative elections 5-6 June 1992, legislative elections Czech Republic: (1993-1995) AI: Amnesty International ARP: Association for the Republic—Republican Party of Czechoslovakia, a right-wing party ASOS: SOS Animal Foundation, an animal rights group in Prague CDM: Christian-Democratic Youth COE: Children of the Earth, an environmental organization DUHA: Rainbow, an environmental, anti-nuclear organization HOST: Movement for Civic Solidarity IUFI: International Union of Fighters against Imperialism Luna: Organization opposing violence to women VONS: Committee for the Unjustly Persecuted Czech Elections: no legislative elections from 1993 through 1995 Slovakia: (1993-1995) EM: Human European Movement CDM or KDH: Christian Democratic Movement CSV: Czech-Slovak Commission HCA: Helsinki Civic Association SSN: Slovak Journalists’ Syndicate Slovak Elections: 30 September 1994, legislative elections Denmark: (1980-1986 coded by Uwe Reising; 1987-1995 coded by R. Francisco) Coding notes: Beginning in May, 1987 construction workers boycotted remodeling South Africa’s consulate. Leading authors and celebrities placed blood-red hand prints on the consulate doors in several protests. Because we had no dates for these events, they were not coded. Even though the Faroe Islands belong to Denmark, they are close to Iceland and coded in Iceland. Acronyms and Groups: CIPAD: Committee for International Peace & Détente C-Team: Senior citizen activists for ederly health DA: Danish Employers’ Association FASB: Former Anorexia Sufferers Strike Back, a protest group against advertising with thin women Green Jackets: right-wing organization ITF: International Transport Workers Federation LO: Danish Labor Association MKO: Mojahedine Khalq Organization, anti-Zionist terror group SAS: Scandinavian Airlines System Danish Elections: 10 June 1984, parliamentary elections 14 June 1984, EU parliamentary elections 19 November 1985, local elections 8 September 1987, parliamentary elections 10 May 1988, parliamentary elections 15 June 1989, EU parliamentary elections 21 November 1989, local elections 18 May 1993, Maastricht referendum 16 November 1993, local elections 9 June 1994, EU parliamentary elections 21 September 1994, parliamentary elections Finland: (coded by Federico Ferrara) The Åland islands are disputed between Finland and Sweden. We coded them in Finland. Finnish Elections 17-18 January 1982, presidential 20-21 March 1983, parliamentary 20-21 October 1984, local 15-16 March 1987, parliamentary 31 January – 1 February 1988, direct presidential 16-17 October 1988, local 17 March 1991, parliamentary 18 October 1992, local 6 February 1994, direct presidential France: (coded by Uwe Reising) Sources: Robert Ramsey, The Corsican Time-Bomb. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1983; and Maryon McDonald, We are not French! Language, Culture and Identity in Brittany. London: Routledge, 1989; and Annuaire Statistique de la France. Coding notes: The opposition among trade unions in France causes a problem for their organizational strength. When workers are involved, but no trade union specified, organizational strength is set at 3,275,631—the total strength of all unions. When a specific union or combination of unions are cited, then the organizational strength is coded in their number of members: CGT: 855,631; FO: 1,000,000; CFDT: 570,000; CGC: 300,000; CFTC: 250,000; Teachers: 300,000. Acronyms and Glossary: AD: Action Directe, a leftist terror organization AFP: Agence France-Presse, state-owned press agency AI: Amnesty International AISDPK: Association for Information & Support of Rights for the Kanak People in New Caledonia ALGM: Armed Liberation Group of Martinique ALNC: Corsican National Liberation Army, emerged after kidnap and murder of Guy Orsoni, June, 1983 ARB: Breton Revolutionary Army ARC: Revolutionary Caribbean Alliance, terror independence group ARF: Arab Revolutionary Front ASALA: Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia Black War: an anti-fascist terror group CAP: Congress of Arab Peoples and the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy in the context of farmer protest CFDT: Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail, moderate trade union federation CFR: Corsican anti-independence organization CFTC: Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens, trade union federation CGC: Confédération Française de l’Encadrement, trade union for professionals CGT: Confédération Générale du Travail, Communist trade union CNCI: National Anti-Independence Committee in New Caledonia, a terror group opposed to Kanak independence CNJA: Centre National des Jeunes Agriculteurs (National Center for Young Farmers) CNPF: Conseil National du Patronat Français (National Congress of French Employers) CNRS: Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research) CRAB: Working Bargemen’s Revoutionary Committee CRB: Corsican Revolutionary Brigades, a Corsican terror organization CRL: Communist Revolutionary League CSPPA: Committee of Solidarity with Arab & Middle East Political Prisoners EDF: Electricté de France, French electricity company EHRC: European Human Rights Commission in Strasbourg ELP: European Labor Party, a neo-fascist party ESA: European Space Agency ETA: see below in Spain section FEB: French Electric Board FEN: Fédération de l’Éducation Nationale (National Federation of Education) FLB: Front de Libération de la Bretagne—Breton Liberation Front FLF: French Liberation Front FLNC: Corsican National Liberation Movement FLNKS: Kanak Socialist Liberation Front FMSK: French Solidarity with Kampuchea FN: National Front, Jean-Marie Le Pen’s right-wing party FNE: French fascist group FNO: National Lamb Federation FNSEA: Fédération Nationale des Synidcats d’Exploitants Agricoles (National Federation of Farmer’s Unions) FO: Force Ouvrière, break-away trade union from CGT FULK: United Kanak Liberation Front, affiliated with FLNKS and pro-Libyan GAG: Guadeloupe Action Group GAL: Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberatión (anti-ETA terror group in Spain) GLA: Guadeloupe Liberation Army Ipparretarak: “Northerners,” a Basque separatist group linked to ETA in Spain IRLF: International Right to Life Federation IRS: International Revolutionary Solidarity, an anti-capitalist terror group FLNKS: Kanak Socialist Liberation Front Franilak: Radical Faction for the National Liberation of Kanaks Harkis, Algerians who fought for France in the Algerian independence war LARF: Lebanese Revolutionary group Massada Group: anti-Islamic terror group MLF: Women’s Liberation movement MNA: Corsican terror group that arose in 1993, after FLNC agreed to stop terror MPGI: Popular Movement for the Independence of Guadeloupe MRAP: Movement Against Racism and for Friendship among Peoples NFP: New Forces Party, a right-wing movement PCF: Parti Commuuniste Français (Communist Party of France) PKK: Kurdistan Workers’ Party, Kurdish liberation organization PLF: Polynesian Liberation Front PS: Parti Socialiste (Socialist party) PTM: Kanak independence organization PTT: Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications RAB: Revolutionary Arab Brigades RATP: Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (State Agency for Paris Transportation) Resistenza, a splinter group from FLNC that wants Corsican independence Robin Wood: an activist ecology group Roma: Romanies, more commonly called Gypsies RPCR: Rassemblenet pour la Caledonie dans la Reublique, anti-Kanak independence party related to RPR RPR: Rassemblement pour la République, the Gaullist party SBB: Spanish right-wing terror group SCA: Corsican Agricultural Union SHRC: Socialist Human Rights Club SNCF: Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (state railways) SNCTA: Air traffic controllers’ labor union SNPMI: Syndicat National de la Petit et Moyenne Industry (National Union of Small & Medium-sized Industry) UDF: Union pour la Démocratie Francaise, Union of French Democracy, a coalition of small parties Unostra: Union Nationale des Organisations Syndicatales de Transportateurs Routiers et Automobiles, National Federation of Roads Transport Unions. UPC: Union du Peuple Corse, Corsican nationalist political party linked to FLNC. WEU: West European Union French elections: 26 April 1981: First round, Presidential 10 May 1981: Second round, Presidential 14 June 1981: First round, Legislative 21 June 1981: Second round, Legislative 16 March 1986: Legislative (PR) 24 April 1988: First round, Presidential 8 May 1988: Second round, Presidential 5 June 1988: First round, Legislative 12 June 1988: Second round, Legislative 14 March 1993: First round, Legislative 21 March 1993: Second round. Legislative 23 April 1995: First round, Presidential 7 May 1995, Second round, Presidential Federal Republic of Germany: (coded by Uwe Reising) Note: On October 3, 1990, the German Democratic Republic merged into the Federal Republic of Germany. The data for the GDR end on October 2, 1990. All German data from October 3, 1990 contain the merged Federal Republic of Germany. Acronyms and Glossary: AI: Amnesty International AIZ: Antiimperialistische Widerstandzelle Nadaia Shehadah, anti-imperialist terror group Bild Zeitung: a daily tabloid newspaper published by the Springer Verlag CAIS: Central American Information Service, an El Salvador solidarity group CDU: Christlich Demokratische Union, Christian Democratic Union, conservative party in Germany CSU: Christlich Soziale Union, Christian Social Union, conservative party in Bavaria, affliliated with CDU DA: Deutsche Alternative Partei, German Alternative party, a rightist party DAG: Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft, German Salaried Employees Union Dev Sol: Revolutionary Left, Kurdish terror group DGB: Deutscher Gewerschaftsbund, German trade union federation DKP: Deutsche Kommuniniste Partei, German communist party DVB: Deutschter Baurenverband, German Farmers Union DVU: Deutscher Volksunion, German People Union, right-wing party FAP: Freie Arbeiter Partei, Free Worker party, a neo-Nazi party GEW: Gewerkschaft für Erziehung und Wissenschaft, trade union for education and science GFBV: Die Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, Society for Threatened People—human rights organization IG Bau, trade union for building construction IG Bergbau: trade union for mining and construction IG Druck: trade union for printing and publications IG Medien: trade union for newspapers, magazines, radio and television IG Metall: trade union for automibles, trucks, train construction and steel Junge Union: Young Union, affiliated with the CDU/CSU JUSO: Jungsolzialisten, Young Socialists, affiliated with the SPD KIB: Kurdish Information Bureau, a militant Kurdish human rights organization NGG: Nahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten, trade union for the food and restaurant industry NPD: Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschland, National Democratic Party, a right-wing party OETV: the public employees’ trade union PDS: Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, Party of Democratic Socialism, successor of the GDR communist party RAF: Rote Armee Fraktion, Red Army Faction, leftist terror group Republicans: Republikaner, right-wing, anti-foreigner political party SPD: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Social Democratic Party of Germany Treuhand: German privatizing agency for former GDR firms TRPB: Turkish Revolutionary Peoples Brigades, leftist anti-Turkey government group WWF: World Wildlife Fund German national elections: 5 October 1980, parliamentary elections 6 March 1983, parliamentary elections 17 June 1984, European parliament elections 25 January 1987, parliamentary elections 18 June 1989, European parliament elections 2 December 1990, first united German parliamentary elections 12 June 1994, European parliament elections 16 October 1994, parliamentary elections German Democratic Republic: (coded by Uwe Reising) Note: The GDR ceased to exist on October 2, 1990. See note above under Federal Republic of Germany. Sources: H. G. Peter Wallach & Ronald A. Francisco, United Germany: Past, Politics, Prospects. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992; and Bundesminsterium für innerdeutsche Beziehungen, DDR Handbuch, Cologne, Germany: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik. Acronyms and Glossary: CDU: Christlich Demokratische Union, Christian Democratic Union, conservative party in Germany DPGA: Democratic Pro-German Action, a terror group for unification of Germany GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany) FDJ: Freie Deutsche Jugend, Free German Youth, the youth division of the SED FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) New Forum: Neues Forum, an early democratic social movement in the revolution of GDR PDS: Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, Party of Democratic Socialism, successor party of SED Reichsbahn: state railway of GDR Republicans: Republikaners, a right-wing party in GDR & FRG SED: Sozialistiche Einheitspartei Deutschlands, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, the communist party in GDR SPD: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Social Democratic Party of Germany STASI: Staatssischerheits Polizei, the secret police apparatus of the SED Treuhand: Trustee, the privatization agency for state-owned GDR firms Post-revolution GDR election: 18 March 1990, only election after regime collapse and before unification. Greece: (1980-1987 coded by David Brichoux; 1988-1995 by Ron Francisco) Sources. Richard Clogg, ed., Greece in the 1980s. New York: St. Martin’s, 1983; and Richard Clogg, ed. Greece, 1981-89: The Populist Decade. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. Acronyms and Glossary: ALA: Armenian Liberation Army, terror organization CKRG: Christos Kassimis Revolutionary Group, anti-U.S. terror group EDEK: Enossi Dimokratikou Kentrou, Democratic Union of the Center ELA: Marxist terror group EPEN: Greek National Political Union, right-wing political party Exarcheia: Association of Peopole Jailed by the Greek Junta GSEE: Greek General Confederation of Labor, the principal trade union federation KKE: Kommunistiko Komma Ellados, Communist Party of Greece MAVI: North Eprius Liberation Front, anti-Albanian terror group in northern Greece ND: Nea Dimokratia, New Democracy Party, center-right political party November 17th: A left-wing terror organization October 80: A left-wing terror organization OTE: Greek Telephone company OTOE: Federation of Greek Bank Employees PASOK: Panellinion Socialistikon Kinema, Panhellenic Socialist Movement PFLP: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PKK: Kurdistan Workers’ Party, Kurdish liberation organization RGISCK: Revolutionary Group for International Solidarity Christos Kiassimus Young Silent Commandos: extreme-right terror group Greek Elections 18 October 1981, parliamentary & EU parliamentary election 17 October 1982, local elections 17 June 1984, EU parliamentary election 2 June 1985, parliamentary 12 and 19 October 1986, local 18 June 1989, EU & parliamentary elections 5 November 1989, parliamentary elections 8 April 1990, parliamentary elections 14 & 21 October 1990, local elections 10 October 1993, parliamentary election 12 June 1994, EU parliamentary election Hungary: (coded by R. Francisco) Hungarian elections: 26 November 1989, referendum on presidential election 25 March 1990, parliamentary election 30 September 1990, local elections 8 May 1994. parliamentary election 29 May 1994, parliamentary election Iceland: (coded by Federico Ferrara) Even though the Faroe Islands belong to Denmark, they are close to Iceland and coded in Iceland. There were no reported events in Iceland in 1982, 1990-1992 and 1994. Icelandic Elections 29 June 1980, presidential 23 April 1983, parliamentary 25 April 1987, parliamentary 26 May 1990, local 20 April 1991, parliamentary 8 April 1995, parliamentary Ireland: (coded by R. Francisco) Source: Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 1999 Acronyms and Glossary: ACRA: Association of Combined Residents' Associations Action from Ireland: Irish anti-nuclear group DAIC: Dublin Abortion Information Campaign DART: Dublin Area Rapid Transit DUP: Democratic Unionist Party in Ulster, Ian Paisley’s party; demands Ulster stay in the UK ESB: Electricity Supply Board IFPA: Irish Family Planning Association INOU: Irish National Organisation of the Unemployed IRA: The official IRA, essentially the historical one, not the Provisional IRA NASA: National Army Spouses Association Peace Train: peace activists from Ireland and Ulster against terror PIRA: Provisional Irish Republican Army RTE: Radio Telefis Eireann, Radio & Television of Ireland Republican Sinn Fein: radical offshoot of Sinn Fein that began in 1986 UFF: Ulster Freedom Fighters, a Protestant paramilitary, terror group Youth Defence: anti-abortion group Irish Elections 11 June 1981, parliamentary elections 8 September 1983, anti-abortion referendum 17 February 1987, parliamentary elections 15 June 1989, parliamentary elections 25 November 1992, parliamentary elections & abortion referendum 9 June 1994, European parliament elections 24 November 1995, divorce referendum Italy: (coded by Federico Ferrara) Sources: Giorgio Galli, Il partito armato. Milan: Kaos Edizioni, 1993; John Haycraft, Italian Labyrinth. New York: Penguin, 1985; Howard Penniman, ed. Italy at the Polls, 1983. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987. Acronyms and Glossary: Autonomia Operaia, Workers’ Autonomy, violent leftist group Brigate Rosse: Red Brigades, leftist terror group BZ: Balzani/Bozen, ethnic German separatists in the north area of Süd Tyrol CISL: Confederezione Italiene Sinoleceti Lavoratori, Italian Federation of Trade Unions Collona Armata, Armed Column, neo-fascist terror group Comorra: the Naples mafia DC: Democrazia Cristiana, Christian Democratic party DP: Democrazia Proleatria, Democratic Proletarians, radical left-wing political party unraveled from PCI Ein Tyrol: One Tyrol or United Tyrol, Tyrolean separatist group FCC: Formazioni Comuniste Combattenti, Communist Party Combatants, a splinter group of the Red Brigades Grey Wolves: Turkish terror group Lotta Continua, Continuous Struggle, a leftist group of students and workers NAR: Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionar, Armed Revolutionary Cells, rightist terror group Ndrangheta, the Calabria mafia PCC: Partitio Comunista Combattente, Communist Party Combatants, left-wing terror group PCI: Partito Comunista Italiano, Italian Communist Party PDS: Partito Democratico della Sinstra, Democratic Party of the Left PL: Prima Linea. First Line, a leftist terror group Potere Operaio, Workers’ Power, a leftist labor group active in the 1970s Sacra Corona Unita: the mafia organization in Lecce UCC: Unione Communisti Combattenti, Union of Communist Fighters, a leftist terror group Italian Elections 8-9 June 1980, regional elections 26-27 June 1983, parliamentary elections 20-21 November 1983, regional 17 June 1984, EU parliament 14-15 June 1987, parliamentary elections 29-30 May 1988, regional elections 18 June 1989, EU parliament 6-7 May 1990, regional elections 5-6 April 1992, parliamentary elections 27-28 March 1994, general elections 12 June 1994, EU parliament elections 23 April 1995, regional elections Luxembourg: (coded by Uwe Reising) There was no reported protest or coercion in Luxembourg in 1980 and 1988. Acronym: ETUC: European Trade Union Confederation Luxembourg Elections 17 June 1984, parliamentary & EU parliamentary elections 18 June 1989, parliamentary & EU parliamentary elections 12 June 1994, parliamentary & EU parliamentary elections Netherlands: (1980-1991 coded by Federico Ferrara; 1992-1995 by R. Francisco) Acronyms ICJ: International Court of Justice SNM: Stitching Natuur en Mileu, national environmental grou RARA: Revolutionary Anti-Racist Action, a terror group Dutch elections 26 May 1981, parliamentary elections 8 September 1982, parliamentary elections 14 June 1984, EU parliament election 21 May 1986, parliamentary elections 18 March 1987, provincial elections 15 June 1989, EU parliamentary elections 6 September 1989, parliamentary elections 21 March 1990, local elections 6 March 1991, provincial elections 12 June 1994, EU parliament election 3 May 1994, parliamentary & local elections 8 March 1995, provincial elections Northern Ireland: (coded by R. Francisco) Sources: Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 1999; Austin Ranny, ed., Britain at the Polls, 1983. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1983; and Kevin Toolis, Rebel Hearts. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. Note: The events in this file are ones that take place in Northern Ireland. PIRA attacks in the rest of UK, or in Europe are included in those files. See especially the Ireland files for border events in Ireland. See the UK files from 1990 onward as more events took place there. Acronyms and Glossary: DAAD: Direct Action Against Drugs, a paramilitary anti-drug group DLO: District Labour Organization, a government agency DUP: Democratic Unionist Party, Ian Paisley’s party; demands Ulster stay in the UK GAA: Gaelic Athletic Association INLA: Irish National Liberation Army, far-leftist republican terror group INRA: Irish National Republican Amry, split-off from PIRA in 1994 IPLO: Irish People’s Liberation Organization, split-off from INLA IRSP: Irish Republican Socialist Party, far-left party and terror group Loyalists: People who seek to maintain Ulster as part of the United Kingdom National Front: right-wing party in Northern Ireland and rest of UK NORAID: U.S. organization that sends money & arms to PIRA Orange Order: militant loyalist Protestants who seek to keep Ulster in the UK OUP: Official Unionist Party, main Protestant party Peace Train: peace activists from Ireland and Ulster against terror PIRA: Provisional Irish Republican Army, anti-British Catholic terror group Red Hand Commandos: Loyalist paramilitary terror group Relatives for Justice: organization of Catholic & Protestant relatives of paramilitary prisoners RHC: Red Hand Commandos, Loyalist paramility group Republicans: People who seek unification of Ulster & Ireland RUC: Royal Ulster Constabulary, the police in Ulster SAS: Special Air Service, an elite division of UK military SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party, the principal Catholic party Stormont: Central government buliding TEA: Training and Employment Agency Third Force: group set up by DUP to protest Loyalists from PIRA UDA: Ulster Defense Association, a protestant paramilitary group proscribed 8/10/1992 UDR: Ulster Defense Regiment, state anti-terror military UFF: Ulster Freedom Fighters, a protestant paramilitary group UVF: Ulter Volunteer Force, a protestant paramilitary group UUP: Ulster Unionist Party Northern Ireland elections 20 May 1981, local council elections 20 October 1982, Northern Ireland assembly elections 9 June 1983, House of Commons elections 5 May 1985, local council elections 23 January 1986, 15 by-elections for House of Commons prompted by protest resignations 11 June 1987, House of Commons elections 17 May 1989, local council elections 15 June 1989, EU parliament elections 9 April 1992, House of Commons elections 19 May 1993. local council elections 9 June 1994, European parliament elections Norway: (coded by Federico Ferrara) Acronym: LO: Landesorganisasjonen I Norge, Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions Norwegian Elections 13-14 September 1981, parliamentary 12 September 1984, local 8-9 September 1985, parliamentary 13-14 September 1987, local 11 September 1989, parliamentary 10 September 1991, local 11 August 1995, local Poland: (coded by R. Francisco) Sources. For two of the periods of severe conflict in 1980 and 1981, Radio Free Europe published a chronology. These were used both to augment Nexis sources and to test the completeness of Nexis Reuters textline. The sources were: Roman Stefanowski, compiler, Poland: A Chronology of Events, July-November 1980, and Poland: A Chronology of Events, August-December 1981, published in 1981 and 1982 respectively. These sources are designated as “RFE” in the data. Other sources were used to provide context, to check numbers, dates and locations: Timothy Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution: Solidarity 1980-1992. London: Jonathan Cape, 1983; Michael Bernhard and Henryk Szlajfer, eds. From the Polish Underground: Selections from Krytyka, 1978-1993. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995; Bohdan Gorski, Verfolgung in Polen. Bern: Verlag SOI, 1985; Jakub Karpinski, Poland since 1944: A Portrait of the Years. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995; Poland Watch, nos. 1-3, 1982-1983; and Uncensored Polish News Bulletin (London), 1982-1991. In addition, my colleague Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz has helped to aid the context and locations. Coding notes. The arrests after the imposition of martial law (12/13/1981) and until May, 1982 were estimated for each event by the size of protest and the number of workers in the mines and factories. While they cannot be exact, they do match exactly the total number of arrests published by the authorities for the period. Changes in organizational strength for dissidents and the regime result from reported defections or purges in the communist party, the integration of Solidarity rural organizations and the cooperation between the Church and Solidarity after martial law was imposed. The maintenance of 20 million organizational strength for Solidarity during the period between martial law and the 1989 elections is justified by those elections as well as the symbols of support for Solidarity in the intervening years, e.g., the dissident masses in church. The kidnapping and murder of the priest Popieluszko in late 1984 left deep ramifications throughout Poland, but especially around his former church on the outskirts of Warsaw. The church grounds became a shrine in late 1984 and 1985. Every day hundreds of people visited, left banners and Solidarity symbols, and prayed. These visits were not coded as protest. During late 1985 and early 1986 as many as 8 prison hunger strikes occurred and lasted for many months. The state always forced feeding after 4-5 days from the start of fasting; hence the “hunger strikes” were prolonged artificially by the state. Given this situation, these events were not coded. See “Current Hunger Strikes in Polish Prisons”, Uncensored Poland News Bulletin, 20 February 1986, pp. 18-20. Street theatre protests of the late 1980s were generally performed by a Solidarity-sympathetic group called “Orange Alternative” that began in Wroclaw and moved to other major cities. “Fighting Solidarity” emerges in the late 1980s as a radical part of Solidarity—it opposes Walesa’s policy of no violence. It is joined in the 1990s by Solidarity-80 and August-80, organizations with a competing claim to be “true to the original Solidarity.” Once the round-table talks began in 1989, they quickly broke into subgroups. These were numerous but poorly reported. Consequently, only the main round-table talks are cited. After the regime transition in September 1989 the state’s organizational strength is eliminated. Massive state farm strikes in February and March, 1991 were not coded because the state farms conducted business as usual, only barring third parties who might compete. Acronyms and Glossary: AAUV: Academic Association for the Implementation of Universal Values, a Christian group in Cracow Anima Mundi: animal rights section of Green Federation CP: Communist Party (PZPR) Family: a world religious sect with activists in Poland FMW: Federation of Fighting Youth, militant anti-communist organization FS: Fighting Solidarity, a radical, violent offshoot of Solidarity FSM: Polish minicar factory, taken over by Fiat in July 1992 Green Federation: an amalgam of environmental groups KHGM: Polish Copper Company KOPP: Citizen Committee in Defense of Legality—several local human rights monitoring organizations in cities. KOR: Komitet Obrony Robotników, human rights organization for workers KBN: Scientific research committee KPN: Konfederacja Polski Niepodległej, Confederacy for an Independent Poland, a nationalist movement MKS: Inter-strike committee in 1980 when Solidarity was created NZS: Niezależny Związek Studentów, National Student Association OPZZ: Ogólnopolskie Porozumienie Związków Zawodowych: the “official” trade unions; after Solidarity was outlawed in 1981, these were created by the state. PHS: Hungarian Solidarity; 21 prominent intellectual dissidents combined with 10 Hungarian dissidents. PKP: Polish State Railways PPS: Polish Socialist Party (absorbed by Communist party after WWII) PPS-DR: PPS-Democratic Revolution: the radical wing of PPS, allied with Fighting Solidarity PRON: Communist front group to advise the state after martial law was imposed. PWN: Polish National Community, a right-wing nationalist group RPW: Peace and Freedom Movement—objects to reference of socialism and USSR in the required military oath. SDP: Polish journalists’ union; banned during martial law; relegalized in 1989 Sejm: Polish parliament SP = Party of Labor, a Christian Democratic party resurrected from 1946 in February 1989. TKK: Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna, provisional coordinating board (underground leadership of Solidarity) WiP: Wolność I Pokój (Freedom and Peace; new name of RPW in the late 1980s) ZLP: Association of Polish Writers ZOMO: Zmotoryzowane Oddziały Milicji Obywatelskiej, motorized riot police Polish Elections: 4 June 1989: 35% of Sejm seats & 100% of Senate seats available; Communists guaranteed 65% seats in Sejm 25 November 1990: First round, Presidential 9 December 1990: Second round, Presidential 27 October 1991: Legislative 19 September 1993: Legislative 5 November 1995: First round, Presidential 19 November 1995: Second round, Presidential Portugal: (1980-1987 coded by Amanda Boatright; 1988-1995 coded by R. Francisco) Note: The parliament created a more restricted strike law on 25 September 1992. Acronyms and Glossary: AD: Alianca Democratica, Democratic Alliance, center-right coalition ANOP: Portuguese state-owned news agency until August, 1982 CGTP-IN: Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses-Intersindical Nacional. General Confederation of Portuguese Workers-National Syndicate CMVM: Portuguese Security & Exchange Commission CTM: Comanhia Portuguesa dos Transportes Maritomas, state-owned transport firm EDP: state-owned electricity firm F-25: Forças Populares de 25 Abril, Popular Force of 25 April, leftist terror group GAL: Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación, anti-ETA terror group ORA: Armed Revolutionary Organization, leftist terror group PRP: People’s Revolutionary Party, leftist guerrilla group TAP: Air Portugal, the national airline UGTP: União Geral does Trabalhadores de Portugal, General Union of Workers of Portugal Portuguese Elections 5 October 1980, parliamentary 7 December 1980, presidential 25 April 1983, parliamentary 6 October 1985, parliamentary 26 January & 16 February 1986, presidential 19 July 1987, parliamentary & EU parliamentary 13 January 1991, presidential 6 October 1991, parliamentary 12 & 19 June 1994, EU parliamentary 1 October 1995, parliamentary Romania: (coded by Ian Ostrander) Romania had no events in 1980. Acronyms and Glossary: Civic Alliance: intellectual opposition group DC: Democratic Convention: opposition group founded in 1991 DP: Democratic Party (NSF's new name after May, 1993) Golani: anti-communist group that named itself “Hooligans” HDUR: Hungarian Democratic Union of Romania NLP: National Liberal Party NSF: National Salvation Front RCP: Romanian Communist Party RNUP: Romanian National Unity Party SLP: Socialist Labor Party Vatra Romanesca: Romanian Hearth (nationalist organization) Romanian elections: 27 September 1992, presidential and legislative 11 October 1992, second-round presidential Spain: (1980-1989 coded by Steven Garrison; 1990-1995 coded by R. Francisco) Notes: There were several pending kidnappings at the end of 1995; Jose Maria Aldaya was released by the ETA on April 14, 1996. There was still no word at the end of 1996 on the other kidnap victims. Acronyms and Glossary: Accion Familiar, pro-family organization Catalunya Lliure, Free Catalonia, a Catalan separatist group CEOE: Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales, Spanish Employers Organization CNT: Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, National Labor Confederation, an anarchist trade union Desenmasquemos el '92', Unmasking ’92, group opposed to 500th anniversary of Columbus’s voyage EGPGC: Guerrilla Army of the Free Galician People Elkarri, Basque social movement support dialog between government and ETA ETA: Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Homeland and Liberty, Basque nationalist terror group GAL: Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación, anti-ETA terror group secretly funded by the state Galician Free People’s Army, Galician independence terror group Gestora pro-Amnista, leftist Basque organization GRAPO: Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre, October First Resistance Anti-fascist Groups HB: Herri Batasuna, People’s Unity, a Basque nationalist party allied with ETA; legalized in 1986 INI: Instituto Nacional de Industria, National Industrial Institute, state-holding firm KAS: Koordinadaro Abertzale Sozialista, Patriotic Socialist Umbrella Organization, an illegal Basque group between ETA & HB Mendeku, Revenge, a Basque terror group that emerged in 1987 MSE: Movimiento Social Español, Spanish Social Movement, pro-Franco rightist party PCE: Partido Comunista de España, Spanish Communist Party PP: Partido Popular, People’s Party, conservative party PSOE: Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Socialist Workers’ Party PSV: Promotora Social de Viviendas, socialist housing organization connected to UGT RENFE: Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles, state-owned transit company RTVE: Radiotelevisión Española, state radio and television SOC: Sindicato de Obreros del Campo, Union of Farm Workers SOS Familia, conservative church-affiliated group against sex & violence media Spanish Basque Battalion: Batallón Vasco-Español, an anti-Basque terror group Terra Lliure: Free Land, a Catalan nationalist terror group UGT: Unión General de Trabajadores, General Union of Workers, a socialist trade union linked informally to the PSOE Spanish Elections: 9 March 1980, Basque parliamentary elections 20 March 1980, Catalan parliamentary elections 20 October 1981, Galician parliamentary elections 23 May 1982, Andalusian parliamentary elections 28 October 1982, parliamentary elections 8 May 1983, local elections 26 February 1984, Basque parliamentary elections 12 March 1986, referendum on NATO membership 22 June 1986, parliamentary elections 22 June 1986, Andalusian parliamentary elections 30 November 1986, Basque regional elections 10 June 1987, EU parliamentary elections 29 May 1988, Catalan parliamentary elections 29 October 1989, parliamentary elections 15 June 1989, EU parliamentary elections 17 December 1989, Galician parliamentary elections 23 June 1990, Andalusian parliamentary elections 28 October 1990, Basque regional elections 29 October 1990, parliamentary elections 15 March 1992, Catalan parliamentary elections 6 June 1993, parliamentary elections 17 October, 1993, Galician parliamentary elections 12 June 1994, EU parliamentary elections 23 October, 1994, Basque parliamentary elections 19 November 1994, Catalan parliamentary elections Sweden: (coded by Federico Ferrara) Acronyms and Glossary: LO: Landsorganisationen i Sverige, the central trade union PKK: Kurdistan Workers’ Party, Kurdish liberation organization PFLP: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine RAF: Rote Armee Fraktion, Red Army Faction, leftist terror group in Germany SAF: Svenska Arbetsgivarefoereningen. Swedish Employers’ Confederation SAP: Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetaparti, Swedish Social Democratic Labor Party Saami: ethnic minority in Lapland, northern Sweden Swedish elections: 19 September 1982, parliamentary & local elections 15 September 1985, parliamentary & local elections 18 September 1988, parliamentary elections 15 September 1991, parliamentary elections 18 September 1994, parliamentary elections 17 September 1995, EU parliament elections Switzerland: (1980-1990 coded by Aimee Cox Ehrs; 1991-1995 by Ron Francisco) Acronyms and Glossary: Air & Noise (Luft und Lärm) youth-based environmental group in Zurich AJZ: Autonomisches Jugend Zentrum, autonomous youth center Aktionskomitee Ryffstrasse: Action Committee Ryff Street, a group of communists in Basel ASALA: Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia Bundespolizei: federal police ILO: International Labor Organization, division of UN Jura Separatists: terror group that seeks to separate French-speaking area from Bern canton Lausanne Bouge: Lausanne Hovel: movement founded in fall 1980 to demand a youth center Law & Order (Recht und Ordnung): conservative movement against youth disruption in Zurich Morgenrot am Bürgenstock: Dawn on Citizen’s Cane; violent group against military export NA: National Action against Overpopulation of Folk & Homeland by Foreigners NZZ: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, daily Zurich newspaper Partei der Arbeit/Parti Suisse du travail: Party of Labor, the communist party SJF: Schweizer Verband der Journalistinnen und Jounalisten/Fédération Suisse des journalists/Federazione svizzera giornalisti, Swiss Journalist Association Tante Adelante: Aunt Nobility Swiss elections and referenda: 21 October 1979, parliamentary elections 2 March 1980, referendum on separation of church and state 30 November 1980, referendum on seat belts and crash helmets 5 April 1981, referendum on foreign seasonal workers 14 June 1981, referenda on women’s rights and consumer protection 29 November 1981, referendum on state fiscal power 6 June 1982, referenda on worker rights and penal code 28 November 1982, referendum on supervision of prices 27 February 1983, referenda on gas imports & confederal energy policy 23 October 1983, parliamentary elections 26 February 1984, referenda on conscientious objection & highway use tax 20 May 1984, referenda on purchase of property by foreigners & bank secrecy 23 September 1984, referenda on nuclear power & alternative energy 2 December 1984, referenda on protecting motherhood, victims of crime & state regulation of broadcasting 10 March 1985, referendum on incease time of paid vacations 9 June 1985, referedum on constitional amendment for abortion 22 September 1985, referenda on marital law reform, school dates & state investment 13 October 1985, local election in Geneva 27 October 1985, local election in Lausanne 16 March 1986, referendum on UN membership 28 September 1986, referendum on governmental powers 7 December 1986, referendum on tenant rights 5 April 1987, referenda on military spending & double-yes on votes 18 October 1987, parliamentary elections 6 December 1987, referenda on public transport, moorland & insurance 12 June 1988, referenda on transport policy & retirement age 4 December 1988, referenda on land speculation, 4-hour work weeks & limits on foreigners 5 March 1989, local election in Aargan 9 April 1989, local election in Nauchâtel 30 April 1989, local election in Solothurn 4 June 1989, referenda on factory farms and the army 15 October 1989, local election in Geneva 28-29 October 1989, local election in Lausanne 1 April 1990, referenda on road building & wine 28 April 1990, local election in Bern 23 September 1990, referenda on nuclear power & energy policy 3 March 1991, referendum on voting age 2 June 1991, referenda on taxes, fiscal policy & prisons 20 October 1991, parliamentary elections 27 September 1992, referenda on trans-alpine rail tunnels, stamp tax on investments, farm land use, parliamentary subsidies and foreign policy 6 December 1992, referendum on European Economic Area 3 March 1993, upper house elections 7 March 1993, referenda on higher gasoline tax, legalization of casinos & ban on aminal experimation 26 September 1993, referenda on cost changes to unemployment & health insurance, national holiday, gun control & canton land transfer 28 November 1993, referenda on taxes & bans on tobacco & alchohol ads 20 February 1994, referenda on protecting the Alps from traffic 12 June 1994, referenda on UN peacekeeping, naturalization of foreigners & promotion of culture 25 September 1994, referenda on racism & Holocaust 4 December 1994, referenda on drug traffickers & illegal immigrants 12 March 1995, referenda on farm subsidies, ecology & absolute majorities in elections 25 June 1995, referenda on foreign property ownership, social security & retirement age 24 September 1995, referendum in Zurich on Autobahn construction 22 October 1995, parliamentary elections United Kingdom: (1980 coded by Erin Simpson; 1981-1995 coded by Ron Francisco) Acronyms and Glossary (see also listings above for Nothern Ireland): Act Up: Aids Coalition to Unleash Power ALF: Animal Liberation Front BNP: BritishNational Party, a right-wing, anti-immigrant party BREL: British Rail Engineering British Coal: new name for NCB after the coal strike CEGB: Central Electricity Generalating Board CND: Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament EALL: Eastern Animal Liberation League CRISP: Citizens Recovery' of Indigenous Peoples' Stolen Property ELF: Earth Liberation Front, eco-terrorists ITV: Independent Television JKLF: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, a terror group for Kashmir independence KLA: Kashmir Liberation Army Meibion Glyndwr: “Sons of Glyndwr”, Welsh nationalist terror group NALGO: National and Local Government Officers’ Association (union) NCB: National Coal Board NHS: National Health Service NUM: National Union of Mineworkers PLA: Port of London Authority Ploughshares: a pacifist, anti-nuclear group Ramblers: hiking group demanding access to land SNLA: Scottish National Liberation Army TGWU: Transport & General Workers’ Union TUC: Trades Union Congress UK elections: 9 June 1983, parliamentary elections 11 June 1987, parliamentary elections 18 June 1989, EU parliamentary elections 9 April 1992, parliamentary elections Sources for Data We sought to use high quality sources and settled on full wire-service text with local newspapers included. The project used Lexis-Nexis as its primary source medium and accessed its Reuters Textline library, which provided global, regional and local wire-services as well as on-line newspapers and magazines—a total of over 400 publications. Additional sources are noted below for each country. When conflicts arose among sources we chose the highest quality source (best ability to estimate local numbers of protesters, arrests, etc.) When irresolvable disputes arose among qualified sources, we took the mean. The source listed for each event is the first encountered that reports the event. The data often changes after the first report when more complete information is available from various sources. Anyone who seeks to find more information on any event therefore should check not only the cited source and date, but then go to later reports in Reuters Textline. While we sought the most complete coverage we could find, we are the first to admit that we did not find all protest and repression. For the most part we did find most of the conflict, particularly in the large countries and in cases of regular conflict, e.g., Poland and Northern Ireland. In smaller countries there are fewer national-level and foreign reporters. Reuters textline provides many local newspapers, but there are fewer from smaller countries in Europe. The data for organizational strength are added in the cleaning process (after coding). We define organizational strength as the total mobilizable section of the population for each protest organization (or the state). Typically, this means labor union memberships, communist party and police forces, or for parties, support inferred from general elections. In democratic countries, only dissident organizational strength is estimated. In coercive countries, state organizational strength is added. The general sources for organizational strength are Europa World Yearbook (1980-1996), International Labor Organization’s annual Yearbook, the World Business Directory, George T. Kurian, ed., World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Penal Systems, New York: Facts on File, 1989 and Harry Drost, What’s What and Who’s Who in Europe, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Other, country-specific data comes from the coders (when there is a strike, journalists usually report the total number of workers in a plant or a union) or from sources noted below for each country. Almost all environmental and peace groups are coded with 30,001 as their organizational strength unless we know the full membership. While these groups might have a great deal of passive support, they seldom mobilize over 30,000 in events. General Sources and Source Abbreviations: AB: Airline Business, monthly London news from Reed Business Information ABP: Aberdeen Press and Journal, daily newspaper in Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Accountancy Age: London trade weekly publication Advertising Age, a weekly trade magazine published by Crain Communications in Chicago AD: Algemeen Dagblad, daily newspaper in Rotterdam, Netherlands AE: Agence Europe (Brussels) AFP: Agence France Press, state-owned French press agency AFR: Australian Financial Review, daily business & economic newspaper in Sydney Africa Economic Digest, published weekly in London, focusing on African economic issues AFT: Aftenposten, Oslo, Norway daily newspaper AFX: AFX News, division of Agence France Presse Extel News Limited AGE: The Age (Melbourne, Australia daily newspaper) AGEFI: L’Agence Economique et Financiere, Paris financial newspaper AP: Associated Press, U.S.-based news service Belfast Telegraph, daily newspaper in Belfast, Northern Ireland BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation (London) BC: Broadcast, London, UK media publication BI: Banker International, monthly world banking news publication in New York BO: Børsen: Copenhagen daily business newspaper Birmingham Post: daily newspaper in Birmingham, UK BR: Bulgarian Radio, national radio news agency headquartered in Sofia BT: Berlingske Tidende, daily newspaper published in Copenhagen Building: construction trade published in London Building Design: London trade publication of CMP Information BTA: Bulgarian Telegraph Agency, national news agency headquartered in Sofia BUI: Business Insurance, weekly news magazine for corporate risk from Crain Communications in Chicago BUT: Business Times, monthly publication of Netmar Magazine Group, London, Ontario BW: Business Wire, New York business and economic publication BZ: Bösen Zeitung, daily stock market newspaper published in Frankfurt am Main, Germany Chartered Surveyor Weekly: weekly trade publication in London CBN: Chemicals Business News Base, a publication by the Royal Institute of Chemistry CD: Cinco Dias, Madrid daily newspaper CDS: Corriere della Sera, daily Milan newspaper CG: Computergram International, daily London newspaper for data processing and communications CLB: Courrier de la Bourse, daily Brussels business newspaper CP: Computing, a London trade publication of the British Computer Society CW: Computer Weekly, published by Reed Business Service in Sutton, Surrey, UK CJ: Contract Journal, a management trade journal published in London by Reed-Elsevier CN: Construction News, a London, UK based trade publication for contractors CSM: Christian Science Monitor (Boston) Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, electronic state broadcast agency in Greek Cyprus CSTK: Czechoslovak news service (1990-1992) CTK: Czech Republic news service (1993-1995) DATA: Datalink, a computer-based news publication from San Joes, CA and Vancouver, BC Deutsche-Presse Agentur: German Press Agency DI: Dagens Industri, Monday-Saturday Stockholm business newspaper DN: Dagens Naeringsliv, daily Oslo newspaper DM: Daily Mail, daily London newspaper Daily Post: Daily newspaper in Liverpool, England Diário de Notícias, daily Lisbon newspaper DP: Die Presse, daily Vienna newspaper DS: De Standaard, daily Brussels newspaper DT: The Daily Telegraph, daily London newspaper DW: Die Welt, conservative daily newspaper published in Hamburg by Axel Springer corporation EC or Econ: The Economist, weekly world-wide news magazine published in London Energy Economist, monthly, Financial Times London-based trade publication EUR: Euromarketing, daily electronic newsletter distributed by Crain Communications in London EIS: European Information Service: Europe Report, London publication on EU policies for local governments EP: El Pais, daily Barcelona newspaper Engineer: weekly trade publication from London ER Radio, Athens radio station for news Estates Times: trade publication in London for realty and estate market ET: Electronics Times, London technology weekly published by Morgan-Grampian Technical Press ES: Evening Standard, daily London newspaper EW: Electronics Weekly, UK trade journal published in London Expresso, weekly newspaper published in Lisbon Facts on File: weekly reference publication from New York FAZ: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, daily German newspaper published in Frankfurt FD: Het Financieele Dagblad, Financial Daily published in Amsterdam FET: De Financieel Ekonomische Tijd, daily business newspaper in Antwerp, Belgium Figyleo, Hungarian weekly magazine published in Budapest FI: Flight International, London weekly air news publication Forbes: a bi-weekly business magazine published in New York FT or Fin Times: Financial Times, daily newspaper published in London on finance, economy & general news FW: Financial Weekly, published in London by the Financial Times corporation Gaceta de los Negocios, daily business newspaper published in Madrid GB: Gazeta Bankowa, Bank Gazette (Warsaw, Poland) Glasgow Herald, daily newspaper in Glasgow, Scotland GP: Göteborgs-Posten, daily newspaper in Göteborg, Sweden GR: Grocer, food industry publication in London published by Marketforce Greenpeace Business: Greenpeace’s publication of its activities GU or Guardian: The Guardian, Manchester, UK daily newspaper HD: Handelsblatt, German daily business paper Helsingin Sanomat, daily newspaper in Sanomat, Finland HVG: Heti Vilaggazdag, Hungarian weekly newspaper published in Budapest Hufvudstadsbladet: Swedish-language daily newspaper in Helsinki Il Sole 24 Ore, financial, political and economic daily newspaper in Milan IHT: International Herald Tribune, a New York Times-Washington Post English-language newspaper in Europe IN: Independent: The Independent (London, UK daily newspaper) INI: Institutional Investor, London, UK publication owned by Euromoney Publications II: Irish Independent, daily Dublin newspaper Il Mondo: Il Mondo, a weekly Italian business publication from Milan IRL: Insurance Research Letter, monthly publication by Insurance Research Service in New York IT or Irish Times: Irish Times, a Dublin daily newspaper Italia Oggi (Italy Today), daily business & law newspaper from Milan JG: Le Journal de Genève, daily newspaper in Geneva, Switzerland Kathimerini (Every Day), daily newspaper in Athens Kauppalehti: daily newspaper in Helsinki Keesing’s Archive, yearly published event book from London La Stampa: daily newspaper in Turin, Italy LAR: Latin American Report: Caribbean Materials: Polymers and Ceramics, trade publications for the plastic and ceramics industries MN or Le Monde: Le Monde, Paris daily newspaper MS: Mail on Sunday, Sunday edition of Daily Mail LE: Les Echos, daily Paris business newspaper LEC: L’Echo, daily Brussels business newspaper LF: Le Figaro, daily Paris newspaper LL: Lloyd’s List, daily reports from Lloyd’s Liability Insurance, London LLB: La Libre Belgique, daily Brussels newspaper LS: Le Soir, Brussels daily newspaper LV: La Vanguardia, Barcelona, Spain daily newspaper LW: Luxemburger Wort, Luxembourg daily newspaper Manchester Evening News, daily newspaper in Manchester, UK MA: Morning Advertiser, Berkshire, UK publication of the Society of Licensed Victuallers MENA: MENA news agency, Cairo, Egypt MK: Marketing, London, UK business publication Middle East Economic Digest, weekly publication from London of Middle East Economic Consultants MNF: Materials—Non Ferrous Alerts, trade newspaper published by American Metal Market in New York Materials—Polymers & Ceramics, London-based engineering publication Materials—Non-Ferrous Alerts, London-based metal engineering publication MS: Mail on Sunday, Sunday edition of Daily Mail Morning Advertizer: daily newspaper in Northhampton, England MTI: Magyar Távirati Iroda, Hungarian Press Agency (Budapest) MTI Econews: Ecological reports from the Hungarian Press Agency (Budapest) North Sea Letter, Financial Times business publication Northern Echo: daily newspaper in Newcastle, England Nova TV: Prague, Czech Republic-based independent TV network NRC: NRC Handelsblad, daily Rotterdam, Netherlands business newspaper NZH: New Zealand Herald, daily Auckland newspaper NZZ: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, daily Zurich, Switzerland newspaper OB: The Observer, London weekly newspaper OL: Off-Licence News, weekly news published by William Reed Publishing in UK on alcoholic drinks. PAP: Polish news service (Warsaw, beginning 1990) PN: The Times (London) Post Magazine, a weekly insurance publication in London Press Association: The Press Association, Ltd., London-based UK wire service PRN: PR Newswire, a U.S.-based (Maryland) publication for public relations and public affairs for firms PWE: Power Europe, fortnightly publication of FT Energy in London about European electricity Radio Bayrak: Turkish Cypriot radio broadcasting in Nicosia Radiodifusao Portuguesa, state radio in Lisbon RE or Reuters: Reuters News Agency (UK) Rzeczpospolita: (The Republic) national daily Warsaw, Poland newspaper Scotsman: Daily newspaper in Edinburgh SDZ: Süddeutsche Zeitung , German daily newspaper published in Munich Sheffield Morning Telegraph: daily newspaper from Sheffield, UK Shetland Times: Daily newspaper on the Shetland Islands in northern Scotland South China Morning Post, daily newspaper published in Hong Kong ST: Der Standard, The Standard, Vienna, Austria daily newspaper Supermarketing: specialty publication for supermarkets published in New York Svenska Dagblatet, daily newspaper in Stockholm Tass: The USSR news agency TH: The Herald, Glasgow daily newspaper TR: Trends, Brussels news magazine TRT: TRT TV, television news in Ankara, Turkey TTG: Travel Trade Gazette, a UK publication for tourism and travel agents TVE: Televisión Española Internacial, Spanish Television International, Madrid UK Press Gazette: weekly trade publication from London UN: l’ Usine Nouvelle, French publication from Paris Uncens News: Uncensored Poland News Bulletin (published by Solidarity in the UK, 1981-1991) UPI: United Press International US: U.S. News & World Report, U.S. weekly news magazine VK: De Volkskrant, The People’s Journal, Amsterdam daily newspaper Western Mail: daily newspaper in Cardiff, Wales, UK Western Morning News: daily newspaper printed in Plymouth and Devon, England XN or Xinhua: New China News Agency (PRC) Yorkshire Post: daily newspaper in Leeds, England Yugoslav Telegraph News Agency, Belgrade YLE radio: Yleisradio Oy: Finnish Broadcasting Company, Helsinki ZZ: Indeterminate source in Reuters Textline Websites: http://av-produktion.ch/80/home.html: Swiss site that used Swiss police archives for the conflict of youth in 1980s and 1990s.